# Syntax of AMDGPU Instruction Operands

## Conventions

The following notation is used throughout this document:

> Notation | Description
> --- | ---
> {0..N} | Any integer value in the range from 0 to N (inclusive).
> <x> | Syntax and meaning of x are explained elsewhere.

## Operands

### v (32-bit)

Vector registers. There are 256 32-bit vector registers.

A sequence of vector registers may be used to operate with more than 32 bits of data.

Assembler currently supports tuples with 1 to 12, 16 and 32 vector registers.

> Syntax | Description
> --- | ---
> v<N> | A single 32-bit vector register. N must be a decimal integer number.
> v[<N>] | A single 32-bit vector register. N may be specified as an integer number or an absolute expression.
> v[<N>:<K>] | A sequence of (K-N+1) vector registers. N and K may be specified as integer numbers or absolute expressions.
> [v<N>, v<N+1>, … v<K>] | A sequence of (K-N+1) vector registers. Register indices must be specified as decimal integer numbers.

Note: N and K must satisfy the following conditions:

- N <= K.

- 0 <= N <= 255.

- 0 <= K <= 255.

- K-N+1 must be in the range from 1 to 12 or equal to 16 or 32.

GFX90A and GFX942 have an additional alignment requirement: pairs of vector registers must be even-aligned (first register must be even).

Examples:

    v255
    v[0]
    v[0:1]
    v[1:1]
    v[0:3]
    v[2*2]
    v[1-1:2-1]
    [v252]
    [v252,v253,v254,v255]

Non-Sequential Address (NSA) Syntax

GFX10+ image instructions may use special NSA (Non-Sequential Address) syntax for image addresses:

> Syntax | Description
> --- | ---
> [Vm, Vn, … Vk] | A sequence of 32-bit vector registers. Each register may be specified using the syntax defined above. In contrast with the standard syntax, registers in NSA sequence are not required to have consecutive indices. Moreover, the same register may appear in the sequence more than once. GFX11+ has an additional limitation: if address size occupies more than 5 dwords, registers starting from the 5th element must be contiguous.

Examples:

    [v32,v1,v[2]]
    [v[32],v[1:1],[v2]]
    [v4,v4,v4,v4]

### v (16-bit)

16-bit vector registers. Each 32-bit vector register is divided into two 16-bit low and high registers, so there are 512 16-bit vector registers.

Only VOP3, VOP3P and VINTERP instructions may access all 512 registers (using op_sel modifier). VOP1, VOP2 and VOPC instructions may currently access only 128 low 16-bit registers using the syntax described below.

Warning

This section is incomplete. The support of 16-bit registers in the assembler is still WIP.

  Syntax | Description
  --- | ---
  v<N> | A single 16-bit vector register (low half).

Note: N must satisfy the following conditions:

- 0 <= N <= 127.

Examples:

    v127

### a

Accumulator registers. There are 256 32-bit accumulator registers.

A sequence of accumulator registers may be used to operate with more than 32 bits of data.

Assembler currently supports tuples with 1 to 12, 16 and 32 accumulator registers.

> Syntax | Alternative Syntax (SP3) | Description
> --- | --- | ---
> a<N> | acc<N> | A single 32-bit accumulator register. N must be a decimal integer number.
> a[<N>] | acc[<N>] | A single 32-bit accumulator register. N may be specified as an integer number or an absolute expression.
> a[<N>:<K>] | acc[<N>:<K>] | A sequence of (K-N+1) accumulator registers. N and K may be specified as integer numbers or absolute expressions.
> [a<N>, a<N+1>, … a<K>] | [acc<N>, acc<N+1>, … acc<K>] | A sequence of (K-N+1) accumulator registers. Register indices must be specified as decimal integer numbers.

Note: N and K must satisfy the following conditions:

- N <= K.

- 0 <= N <= 255.

- 0 <= K <= 255.

- K-N+1 must be in the range from 1 to 12 or equal to 16 or 32.

GFX90A and GFX942 have an additional alignment requirement: pairs of accumulator registers must be even-aligned (first register must be even).

Examples:

    a255
    a[0]
    a[0:1]
    a[1:1]
    a[0:3]
    a[2*2]
    a[1-1:2-1]
    [a252]
    [a252,a253,a254,a255]

    acc0
    acc[1]
    [acc250]
    [acc2,acc3]

### s

Scalar 32-bit registers. The number of available scalar registers depends on the GPU:

> GPU | Number of scalar registers
> --- | ---
> GFX7 | 104
> GFX8 | 102
> GFX9 | 102
> GFX10+ | 106

A sequence of scalar registers may be used to operate with more than 32 bits of data. Assembler currently supports tuples with 1 to 12, 16 and 32 scalar registers.

Pairs of scalar registers must be even-aligned (first register must be even). Sequences of 4 and more scalar registers must be quad-aligned.

> Syntax | Description
> --- | ---
> s<N> | A single 32-bit scalar register. N must be a decimal integer number.
> s[<N>] | A single 32-bit scalar register. N may be specified as an integer number or an absolute expression.
> s[<N>:<K>] | A sequence of (K-N+1) scalar registers. N and K may be specified as integer numbers or absolute expressions.
> [s<N>, s<N+1>, … s<K>] | A sequence of (K-N+1) scalar registers. Register indices must be specified as decimal integer numbers.

Note: N and K must satisfy the following conditions:

- N must be properly aligned based on the sequence size.

- N <= K.

- 0 <= N < SMAX, where SMAX is the number of available scalar registers.

- 0 <= K < SMAX, where SMAX is the number of available scalar registers.

- K-N+1 must be in the range from 1 to 12 or equal to 16 or 32.

Examples:

    s0
    s[0]
    s[0:1]
    s[1:1]
    s[0:3]
    s[2*2]
    s[1-1:2-1]
    [s4]
    [s4,s5,s6,s7]

Examples of scalar registers with an invalid alignment:

    s[1:2]
    s[2:5]

### trap

A set of trap handler registers:

- ttmp

- tba

- tma

### ttmp

Trap handler temporary scalar registers, 32-bits wide. The number of available ttmp registers depends on the GPU:

> GPU | Number of ttmp registers
> --- | ---
> GFX7 | 12
> GFX8 | 12
> GFX9 | 16
> GFX10+ | 16

A sequence of ttmp registers may be used to operate with more than 32 bits of data. Assembler currently supports tuples with 1 to 12 and 16 ttmp registers.

Pairs of ttmp registers must be even-aligned (first register must be even). Sequences of 4 and more ttmp registers must be quad-aligned.

> Syntax | Description
> --- | ---
> ttmp<N> | A single 32-bit ttmp register. N must be a decimal integer number.
> ttmp[<N>] | A single 32-bit ttmp register. N may be specified as an integer number or an absolute expression.
> ttmp[<N>:<K>] | A sequence of (K-N+1) ttmp registers. N and K may be specified as integer numbers or absolute expressions.
> [ttmp<N>, ttmp<N+1>, … ttmp<K>] | A sequence of (K-N+1) ttmp registers. Register indices must be specified as decimal integer numbers.

Note: N and K must satisfy the following conditions:

- N must be properly aligned based on the sequence size.

- N <= K.

- 0 <= N < TMAX, where TMAX is the number of available ttmp registers.

- 0 <= K < TMAX, where TMAX is the number of available ttmp registers.

- K-N+1 must be in the range from 1 to 12 or equal to 16.

Examples:

    ttmp0
    ttmp[0]
    ttmp[0:1]
    ttmp[1:1]
    ttmp[0:3]
    ttmp[2*2]
    ttmp[1-1:2-1]
    [ttmp4]
    [ttmp4,ttmp5,ttmp6,ttmp7]

Examples of ttmp registers with an invalid alignment:

    ttmp[1:2]
    ttmp[2:5]

### tba

Trap base address, 64-bits wide. Holds the pointer to the current trap handler program.

> Syntax | Description | Availability
> --- | --- | ---
> tba | 64-bit trap base address register. | GFX7, GFX8
> [tba] | 64-bit trap base address register (an SP3 syntax). | GFX7, GFX8
> [tba_lo,tba_hi] | 64-bit trap base address register (an SP3 syntax). | GFX7, GFX8

High and low 32 bits of trap base address may be accessed as separate registers:

> Syntax | Description | Availability
> --- | --- | ---
> tba_lo | Low 32 bits of trap base address register. | GFX7, GFX8
> tba_hi | High 32 bits of trap base address register. | GFX7, GFX8
> [tba_lo] | Low 32 bits of trap base address register (an SP3 syntax). | GFX7, GFX8
> [tba_hi] | High 32 bits of trap base address register (an SP3 syntax). | GFX7, GFX8

### tma

Trap memory address, 64-bits wide.

> Syntax | Description | Availability
> --- | --- | ---
> tma | 64-bit trap memory address register. | GFX7, GFX8
> [tma] | 64-bit trap memory address register (an SP3 syntax). | GFX7, GFX8
> [tma_lo,tma_hi] | 64-bit trap memory address register (an SP3 syntax). | GFX7, GFX8

High and low 32 bits of trap memory address may be accessed as separate registers:

> Syntax | Description | Availability
> --- | --- | ---
> tma_lo | Low 32 bits of trap memory address register. | GFX7, GFX8
> tma_hi | High 32 bits of trap memory address register. | GFX7, GFX8
> [tma_lo] | Low 32 bits of trap memory address register (an SP3 syntax). | GFX7, GFX8
> [tma_hi] | High 32 bits of trap memory address register (an SP3 syntax). | GFX7, GFX8

### flat_scratch

Flat scratch address, 64-bits wide. Holds the base address of scratch memory.

> Syntax | Description
> --- | ---
> flat_scratch | 64-bit flat scratch address register.
> [flat_scratch] | 64-bit flat scratch address register (an SP3 syntax).
> [flat_scratch_lo,flat_scratch_hi] | 64-bit flat scratch address register (an SP3 syntax).

High and low 32 bits of flat scratch address may be accessed as separate registers:

> Syntax | Description
> --- | ---
> flat_scratch_lo | Low 32 bits of flat scratch address register.
> flat_scratch_hi | High 32 bits of flat scratch address register.
> [flat_scratch_lo] | Low 32 bits of flat scratch address register (an SP3 syntax).
> [flat_scratch_hi] | High 32 bits of flat scratch address register (an SP3 syntax).

### xnack_mask

Xnack mask, 64-bits wide. Holds a 64-bit mask of which threads received an XNACK due to a vector memory operation.

For availability of xnack feature, refer to this table.

> Syntax | Description
> --- | ---
> xnack_mask | 64-bit xnack mask register.
> [xnack_mask] | 64-bit xnack mask register (an SP3 syntax).
> [xnack_mask_lo,xnack_mask_hi] | 64-bit xnack mask register (an SP3 syntax).

High and low 32 bits of xnack mask may be accessed as separate registers:

> Syntax | Description
> --- | ---
> xnack_mask_lo | Low 32 bits of xnack mask register.
> xnack_mask_hi | High 32 bits of xnack mask register.
> [xnack_mask_lo] | Low 32 bits of xnack mask register (an SP3 syntax).
> [xnack_mask_hi] | High 32 bits of xnack mask register (an SP3 syntax).

### vcc

Vector condition code, 64-bits wide. A bit mask with one bit per thread; it holds the result of a vector compare operation.

Note that GFX10+ H/W does not use high 32 bits of vcc in wave32 mode.

> Syntax | Description
> --- | ---
> vcc | 64-bit vector condition code register.
> [vcc] | 64-bit vector condition code register (an SP3 syntax).
> [vcc_lo,vcc_hi] | 64-bit vector condition code register (an SP3 syntax).

High and low 32 bits of vector condition code may be accessed as separate registers:

> Syntax | Description
> --- | ---
> vcc_lo | Low 32 bits of vector condition code register.
> vcc_hi | High 32 bits of vector condition code register.
> [vcc_lo] | Low 32 bits of vector condition code register (an SP3 syntax).
> [vcc_hi] | High 32 bits of vector condition code register (an SP3 syntax).

### m0

A 32-bit memory register. It has various uses, including register indexing and bounds checking.

> Syntax | Description
> --- | ---
> m0 | A 32-bit memory register.
> [m0] | A 32-bit memory register (an SP3 syntax).

### exec

Execute mask, 64-bits wide. A bit mask with one bit per thread, which is applied to vector instructions and controls which threads execute and which ignore the instruction.

Note that GFX10+ H/W does not use high 32 bits of exec in wave32 mode.

> Syntax | Description
> --- | ---
> exec | 64-bit execute mask register.
> [exec] | 64-bit execute mask register (an SP3 syntax).
> [exec_lo,exec_hi] | 64-bit execute mask register (an SP3 syntax).

High and low 32 bits of execute mask may be accessed as separate registers:

> Syntax | Description
> --- | ---
> exec_lo | Low 32 bits of execute mask register.
> exec_hi | High 32 bits of execute mask register.
> [exec_lo] | Low 32 bits of execute mask register (an SP3 syntax).
> [exec_hi] | High 32 bits of execute mask register (an SP3 syntax).

### vccz

A single bit flag indicating that the vcc is all zeros.

Note: when GFX10+ operates in wave32 mode, this register reflects the state of vcc_lo.

### execz

A single bit flag indicating that the exec is all zeros.

Note: when GFX10+ operates in wave32 mode, this register reflects the state of exec_lo.

### scc

A single bit flag indicating the result of a scalar compare operation.

### lds_direct

A special operand which supplies a 32-bit value fetched from LDS memory using m0 as an address.

### null

This is a special operand that may be used as a source or a destination.

When used as a destination, the result of the operation is discarded.

When used as a source, it supplies zero value.

### inline constant

An inline constant is an integer or a floating-point value encoded as a part of an instruction. Compare inline constants with literals.

Inline constants include:

- Integer inline constants;

- Floating-point inline constants;

- Inline values.

If a number may be encoded as either a literal or a constant, the assembler selects the latter encoding as more efficient.

#### iconst

An integer number or an absolute expression encoded as an inline constant.

Only a small fraction of integer numbers may be encoded as inline constants. They are enumerated in the table below. Other integer numbers are encoded as literals.

> Value | Note
> --- | ---
> {0..64} | Positive integer inline constants.
> {-16..-1} | Negative integer inline constants.

#### fconst

A floating-point number encoded as an inline constant.

Only a small fraction of floating-point numbers may be encoded as inline constants. They are enumerated in the table below. Other floating-point numbers are encoded as literals.

> Value | Note | Availability
> --- | --- | ---
> 0.0 | The same as integer constant 0. | All GPUs
> 0.5 | Floating-point constant 0.5 | All GPUs
> 1.0 | Floating-point constant 1.0 | All GPUs
> 2.0 | Floating-point constant 2.0 | All GPUs
> 4.0 | Floating-point constant 4.0 | All GPUs
> -0.5 | Floating-point constant -0.5 | All GPUs
> -1.0 | Floating-point constant -1.0 | All GPUs
> -2.0 | Floating-point constant -2.0 | All GPUs
> -4.0 | Floating-point constant -4.0 | All GPUs
> 0.1592 | 1.0/(2.0*pi). Use only for 16-bit operands. | GFX8+
> 0.15915494 | 1.0/(2.0*pi). Use only for 16- and 32-bit operands. | GFX8+
> 0.15915494309189532 | 1.0/(2.0*pi). | GFX8+

Warning

Floating-point inline constants cannot be used with 16-bit integer operands. Assembler encodes these values as literals.

#### ival

A symbolic operand encoded as an inline constant. These operands provide read-only access to H/W registers.

> Syntax | Alternative Syntax (SP3) | Note | Availability
> --- | --- | --- | ---
> shared_base | src_shared_base | Base address of shared memory region. | GFX9+
> shared_limit | src_shared_limit | Address of the end of shared memory region. | GFX9+
> private_base | src_private_base | Base address of private memory region. | GFX9+
> private_limit | src_private_limit | Address of the end of private memory region. | GFX9+
> pops_exiting_wave_id | src_pops_exiting_wave_id | A dedicated counter for POPS. | GFX9, GFX10

### literal

A literal is a 64-bit value encoded as a separate 32-bit dword in the instruction stream. Compare literals with inline constants.

If a number may be encoded as either a literal or an inline constant, assembler selects the latter encoding as more efficient.

Literals may be specified as integer numbers, floating-point numbers, absolute expressions or relocatable expressions.

An instruction may use only one literal, but several operands may refer to the same literal.

### uimm8

An 8-bit integer number or an absolute expression. The value must be in the range 0..0xFF.

### uimm32

A 32-bit integer number or an absolute expression. The value must be in the range 0..0xFFFFFFFF.

### uimm20

A 20-bit integer number or an absolute expression.

The value must be in the range 0..0xFFFFF.

### simm21

A 21-bit integer number or an absolute expression.

The value must be in the range -0x100000..0x0FFFFF.

### off

A special entity which indicates that the value of this operand is not used.

> Syntax | Description
> --- | ---
> off | Indicates an unused operand.

## Numbers

### Integer Numbers

Integer numbers are 64 bits wide. They are converted to expected operand type as described here.

Integer numbers may be specified in binary, octal, hexadecimal and decimal formats:

> Format | Syntax | Example
> --- | --- | ---
> Decimal | [-]?[1-9][0-9]* | -1234
> Binary | [-]?0b[01]+ | 0b1010
> Octal | [-]?0[0-7]+ | 010
> Hexadecimal | [-]?0x[0-9a-fA-F]+ | 0xff
> | [-]?[0x]?[0-9][0-9a-fA-F]*[hH] | 0ffh

### Floating-Point Numbers

All floating-point numbers are handled as double (64 bits wide). They are converted to expected operand type as described here.

Floating-point numbers may be specified in hexadecimal and decimal formats:

> Format | Syntax | Examples | Note
> --- | --- | --- | ---
> Decimal | [-]?[0-9]*[.][0-9]*([eE][+-]?[0-9]*)? | -1.234, 234e2 | Must include either a decimal separator or an exponent.
> Hexadecimal | [-]0x[0-9a-fA-F]*(.[0-9a-fA-F]*)?[pP][+-]?[0-9a-fA-F]+ | -0x1afp-10, 0x.1afp10 |

## Expressions

An expression is evaluated to a 64-bit integer. Note that floating-point expressions are not supported.

There are two kinds of expressions:

- Absolute.

- Relocatable.

### Absolute Expressions

The value of an absolute expression does not change after program relocation. Absolute expressions must not include unassigned and relocatable values such as labels.

Absolute expressions are evaluated to 64-bit integer values and converted to expected operand type as described here.

Examples:

    x = -1
    y = x + 10

### Relocatable Expressions

The value of a relocatable expression depends on program relocation.

Note that use of relocatable expressions is limited to branch targets and 32-bit integer operands.

A relocatable expression is evaluated to a 64-bit integer value, which depends on operand kind and relocation type of symbol(s) used in the expression. For example, if an instruction refers to a label, this reference is evaluated to an offset from the address after the instruction to the label address:

    label:
    v_add_co_u32_e32 v0, vcc, label, v1  // 'label' operand is evaluated to -4

Note that values of relocatable expressions are usually unknown at assembly time; they are resolved later by a linker and converted to expected operand type as described here.

### Operands and Operations

Expressions are composed of 64-bit integer operands and operations. Operands include integer numbers and symbols.

Expressions may also use “.” which is a reference to the current PC (program counter).

Unary and binary operations produce 64-bit integer results.

### Syntax of Expressions

Syntax of expressions is shown below:

    expr ::= expr binop expr | primaryexpr ;

    primaryexpr ::= '(' expr ')' | symbol | number | '.' | unop primaryexpr ;

    binop ::= '&&'
            | '||'
            | '|'
            | '^'
            | '&'
            | '!'
            | '=='
            | '!='
            | '<>'
            | '<'
            | '<='
            | '>'
            | '>='
            | '<<'
            | '>>'
            | '+'
            | '-'
            | '*'
            | '/'
            | '%' ;

    unop ::= '~'
           | '+'
           | '-'
           | '!' ;

### Binary Operators

Binary operators are described in the following table. They operate on and produce 64-bit integers. Operators with higher priority are performed first.

> Operator | Priority | Meaning
> --- | --- | ---
> * | 5 | Integer multiplication.
> / | 5 | Integer division.
> % | 5 | Integer signed remainder.
> + | 4 | Integer addition.
> - | 4 | Integer subtraction.
> << | 3 | Integer shift left.
> >> | 3 | Logical shift right.
> == | 2 | Equality comparison.
> != | 2 | Inequality comparison.
> <> | 2 | Inequality comparison.
> < | 2 | Signed less than comparison.
> <= | 2 | Signed less than or equal comparison.
> > | 2 | Signed greater than comparison.
> >= | 2 | Signed greater than or equal comparison.
> | | 1 | Bitwise or.
> ^ | 1 | Bitwise xor.
> & | 1 | Bitwise and.
> && | 0 | Logical and.
> || | 0 | Logical or.

### Unary Operators

Unary operators are described in the following table. They operate on and produce 64-bit integers.

> Operator | Meaning
> --- | ---
> ! | Logical negation.
> ~ | Bitwise negation.
> + | Integer unary plus.
> - | Integer unary minus.

### Symbols

A symbol is a named 64-bit integer value, representing a relocatable address or an absolute (non-relocatable) number.

Symbol names have the following syntax:

  `[a-zA-Z_.][a-zA-Z0-9_$.@]*`

The table below provides several examples of syntax used for symbol definition.

> Syntax | Meaning
> --- | ---
> .globl <S> | Declares a global symbol S without assigning it a value.
> .set <S>, <E> | Assigns the value of an expression E to a symbol S.
> <S> = <E> | Assigns the value of an expression E to a symbol S.
> <S>: | Declares a label S and assigns it the current PC value.

A symbol may be used before it is declared or assigned; unassigned symbols are assumed to be PC-relative.

Additional information about symbols may be found here.

## Type and Size Conversion

This section describes what happens when a 64-bit integer number, a floating-point number or an expression is used for an operand which has a different type or size.

### Conversion of Integer Values

Instruction operands may be specified as 64-bit integer numbers or absolute expressions. These values are converted to the expected operand type using the following steps:

1. Validation. Assembler checks if the input value may be truncated without loss to the required truncation width (see the table below). There are two cases when this operation is enabled:

> - The truncated bits are all 0.

> - The truncated bits are all 1 and the value after truncation has its MSB bit set.

In all other cases, the assembler triggers an error.

2. Conversion. The input value is converted to the expected type as described in the table below. Depending on operand kind, this conversion is performed by either assembler or AMDGPU H/W (or both).

> Expected type | Truncation Width | Conversion | Description
> --- | --- | --- | ---
> i16, u16, b16 | 16 | num.u16 | Truncate to 16 bits.
> i32, u32, b32 | 32 | num.u32 | Truncate to 32 bits.
> i64 | 32 | {-1,num.i32} | Truncate to 32 bits and then sign-extend the result to 64 bits.
> u64, b64 | 32 | {0,num.u32} | Truncate to 32 bits and then zero-extend the result to 64 bits.
> f16 | 16 | num.u16 | Use low 16 bits as an f16 value.
> f32 | 32 | num.u32 | Use low 32 bits as an f32 value.
> f64 | 32 | {num.u32,0} | Use low 32 bits of the number as high 32 bits of the result; low 32 bits of the result are zeroed.

Examples of enabled conversions:

    // GFX9

    v_add_u16 v0, -1, 0                   // src0 = 0xFFFF
    v_add_f16 v0, -1, 0                   // src0 = 0xFFFF (NaN)
                                          //
    v_add_u32 v0, -1, 0                   // src0 = 0xFFFFFFFF
    v_add_f32 v0, -1, 0                   // src0 = 0xFFFFFFFF (NaN)
                                          //
    v_add_u16 v0, 0xff00, v0              // src0 = 0xff00
    v_add_u16 v0, 0xffffffffffffff00, v0  // src0 = 0xff00
    v_add_u16 v0, -256, v0                // src0 = 0xff00
                                          //
    s_bfe_i64 s[0:1], 0xffefffff, s3      // src0 = 0xffffffffffefffff
    s_bfe_u64 s[0:1], 0xffefffff, s3      // src0 = 0x00000000ffefffff
    v_ceil_f64_e32 v[0:1], 0xffefffff     // src0 = 0xffefffff00000000 (-1.7976922776554302e308)
                                          //
    x = 0xffefffff                        //
    s_bfe_i64 s[0:1], x, s3               // src0 = 0xffffffffffefffff
    s_bfe_u64 s[0:1], x, s3               // src0 = 0x00000000ffefffff
    v_ceil_f64_e32 v[0:1], x              // src0 = 0xffefffff00000000 (-1.7976922776554302e308)

Examples of disabled conversions:

    // GFX9

    v_add_u16 v0, 0x1ff00, v0               // truncated bits are not all 0 or 1
    v_add_u16 v0, 0xffffffffffff00ff, v0    // truncated bits do not match MSB of the result

### Conversion of Floating-Point Values

Instruction operands may be specified as 64-bit floating-point numbers. These values are converted to the expected operand type using the following steps:

1. Validation. Assembler checks if the input f64 number can be converted to the required floating-point type (see the table below) without overflow or underflow. Precision lost is allowed. If this conversion is not possible, the assembler triggers an error.

2. Conversion. The input value is converted to the expected type as described in the table below. Depending on operand kind, this is performed by either assembler or AMDGPU H/W (or both).

> Expected type | Required FP Type | Conversion | Description
> --- | --- | --- | ---
> i16, u16, b16 | f16 | f16(num) | Convert to f16 and use bits of the result as an integer value. The value has to be encoded as a literal, or an error occurs. Note that the value cannot be encoded as an inline constant.
> i32, u32, b32 | f32 | f32(num) | Convert to f32 and use bits of the result as an integer value.
> i64, u64, b64 | - | - | Conversion disabled.
> f16 | f16 | f16(num) | Convert to f16.
> f32 | f32 | f32(num) | Convert to f32.
> f64 | f64 | {num.u32.hi,0} | Use high 32 bits of the number as high 32 bits of the result; zero-fill low 32 bits of the result. Note that the result may differ from the original number.

Examples of enabled conversions:

    // GFX9

    v_add_f16 v0, 1.0, 0        // src0 = 0x3C00 (1.0)
    v_add_u16 v0, 1.0, 0        // src0 = 0x3C00
                                //
    v_add_f32 v0, 1.0, 0        // src0 = 0x3F800000 (1.0)
    v_add_u32 v0, 1.0, 0        // src0 = 0x3F800000

                                // src0 before conversion:
                                //   1.7976931348623157e308 = 0x7fefffffffffffff
                                // src0 after conversion:
                                //   1.7976922776554302e308 = 0x7fefffff00000000
    v_ceil_f64 v[0:1], 1.7976931348623157e308

    v_add_f16 v1, 65500.0, v2   // ok for f16.
    v_add_f32 v1, 65600.0, v2   // ok for f32, but would result in overflow for f16.

Examples of disabled conversions:

    // GFX9

    v_add_f16 v1, 65600.0, v2    // overflow

### Conversion of Relocatable Values

Relocatable expressions may be used with 32-bit integer operands and jump targets.

When the value of a relocatable expression is resolved by a linker, it is converted as needed and truncated to the operand size. The conversion depends on relocation type and operand kind.

For example, when a 32-bit operand of an instruction refers to a relocatable expression expr, this reference is evaluated to a 64-bit offset from the address after the instruction to the address being referenced, counted in bytes. Then the value is truncated to 32 bits and encoded as a literal:

    expr = .
    v_add_co_u32_e32 v0, vcc, expr, v1  // 'expr' operand is evaluated to -4
                                        // and then truncated to 0xFFFFFFFC

As another example, when a branch instruction refers to a label, this reference is evaluated to an offset from the address after the instruction to the label address, counted in dwords. Then the value is truncated to 16 bits:

    label:
    s_branch label  // 'label' operand is evaluated to -1 and truncated to 0xFFFF